Exercise 8

What is Deductive Reasoning?

relating reasoning, thinking about reasons.

Exercise 7

Induction: an initial experience
Reasoning: to take part in conversation, discussion, or argument
Empirical: relying on experience or observation alone often without due regard for system and theory
scientific method: principles and procedures for the systematic pursuit of knowledge involving the recognition and formulation of a problem, the collection of data through observation and experiment, and the formulation and testing of hypotheses

Exercise 6

Viewpoints: standpoint
point of view
attitude: the arrangement of the parts of a body or figure
Bias: the arrangement of the parts of a body or figure
Perspective: the arrangement of the parts of a body or figure
Opinion: the arrangement of the parts of a body or figure

Exercise 5

Judge: to form an opinion about through careful weighing of evidence and testing of premises
Appraise: to set a value on
Estimate: to judge tentatively or approximately the value, worth, or significance of
Value: a fair return or equivalent in goods, services, or money for something exchanged
Evaluate: to determine or fix the value of

Exercises 4

What is an Assumption?

first meaning
the quality of being actual

Second meaning
a taking to or upon oneself


Third meaning
the act of laying claim to or taking possession of something

Exercise 3

Your neighbors have regular habits and spend a lot of time at home. In an airport waiting room, you sit down next to a nun wearing a dark blue dress, starched white hearddress. Your child age four usually has a good appetite. You are looking in your wife's closet for your mising shoe, and you notice a new and expensive man's sport jacket hanging there.

Exercise 2

To Know: to perceive directly
certain: of a specific but unspecified character, quantity, or degree
Verified: to confirm or substantiate in law by oath
Existence: reality as opposed to appearance
Real: of or relating to fixed, permanent, or immovable things
Fact: the quality of being actual

Exercise 1

to Observe: to watch carefully especially with attention to details or behavior for the purpose of arriving at a judgment

To watch: to keep vigil as a devotional exercise

Deductive reasoning: How Do I Reason from premises? Chapter 12 summary

Deduction is the subject of formal logic, whose main concern is with creating forms that demenstrate reasoning. Deductive reasoning is the process of starting with one or more statements called premises and investigating what conclusions necessarily follow from these premises.

Inductive Reasoning and Inductive Fallacies. Chapter 11 summary

A conclusions derived through inductive reasoning is called a hypothesis and is always less certain than evidence itself. The inductive method id also called the empricial or scientific method. Induction reasons from evidence about some members of a class in order to form conclusion about all members of that class. Inductive reasoning is the process of thinkink that you used in describing a fruit, vegetable. Induction can be done through sensory observations, enumerations.

The false anagoly is a comparison of two things that have some similarities but also significant differences that are ignored fort he sake of argument. False cause is the fallacy of claiming there is a casual connection between events without reasonable evidence to support the claim. Hasty generalization is the fallacy of basing a conclusion on insufficient evidence.

Fallacies: What's Faulty Argument? Chapter 10 Summary

Prejudicial language persuades through the use of loaded words that convey a bias while pretending to convey objective information. The straw man is an argument that misrepresents, oversimplifies, or caricatures an opponents positions. Appeal to bangwagon is another srgument by attacking opponent rather than addressing the argument itself. Appeals to fear and pity seek to persuade through affencing emotions. Misleading euphemisms are words that hide meaning by wrapping a less acceptable idea in positive or neutral connotations

Argument: What's a Good Argument? Chapter 9 Summary

The critical reading of arguments is an active endeavor that requires involvement, interaction with questions.
We have to know something about argument’s structure
Example; argument’s strenghts and weeknesses, the issue’s controversy, argument’s viewpoint
Reasons include data, evidence, and premises, while conclusions include those deductively drawn as well as hypotheses.
We have to determine argument’s special feature. But how can we do that?
We have to ask some questions. Are the reason adequate to support the conclusion? ,
Are they hidden assumptions? , are there fallacies of reasoning?
Reason support conclusions.Arguments state and defend a claim

Chapter 8 Viewpoints: What is the Filter?

Learning to understand viewpoints and catch main idea from viewpoints. U.S. politics can’t be explain left to right about viewpoints. When we understand and accept the ideas, they have respect to us and we respect to them. Unconcscious viewpoints include ego, ethnic, religio and anthropo.We can find kind of viewpoints easily also television is easy for catch opinion.