Exercise 8

What is Deductive Reasoning?

relating reasoning, thinking about reasons.

Exercise 7

Induction: an initial experience
Reasoning: to take part in conversation, discussion, or argument
Empirical: relying on experience or observation alone often without due regard for system and theory
scientific method: principles and procedures for the systematic pursuit of knowledge involving the recognition and formulation of a problem, the collection of data through observation and experiment, and the formulation and testing of hypotheses

Exercise 6

Viewpoints: standpoint
point of view
attitude: the arrangement of the parts of a body or figure
Bias: the arrangement of the parts of a body or figure
Perspective: the arrangement of the parts of a body or figure
Opinion: the arrangement of the parts of a body or figure

Exercise 5

Judge: to form an opinion about through careful weighing of evidence and testing of premises
Appraise: to set a value on
Estimate: to judge tentatively or approximately the value, worth, or significance of
Value: a fair return or equivalent in goods, services, or money for something exchanged
Evaluate: to determine or fix the value of

Exercises 4

What is an Assumption?

first meaning
the quality of being actual

Second meaning
a taking to or upon oneself


Third meaning
the act of laying claim to or taking possession of something

Exercise 3

Your neighbors have regular habits and spend a lot of time at home. In an airport waiting room, you sit down next to a nun wearing a dark blue dress, starched white hearddress. Your child age four usually has a good appetite. You are looking in your wife's closet for your mising shoe, and you notice a new and expensive man's sport jacket hanging there.

Exercise 2

To Know: to perceive directly
certain: of a specific but unspecified character, quantity, or degree
Verified: to confirm or substantiate in law by oath
Existence: reality as opposed to appearance
Real: of or relating to fixed, permanent, or immovable things
Fact: the quality of being actual

Exercise 1

to Observe: to watch carefully especially with attention to details or behavior for the purpose of arriving at a judgment

To watch: to keep vigil as a devotional exercise

Deductive reasoning: How Do I Reason from premises? Chapter 12 summary

Deduction is the subject of formal logic, whose main concern is with creating forms that demenstrate reasoning. Deductive reasoning is the process of starting with one or more statements called premises and investigating what conclusions necessarily follow from these premises.

Inductive Reasoning and Inductive Fallacies. Chapter 11 summary

A conclusions derived through inductive reasoning is called a hypothesis and is always less certain than evidence itself. The inductive method id also called the empricial or scientific method. Induction reasons from evidence about some members of a class in order to form conclusion about all members of that class. Inductive reasoning is the process of thinkink that you used in describing a fruit, vegetable. Induction can be done through sensory observations, enumerations.

The false anagoly is a comparison of two things that have some similarities but also significant differences that are ignored fort he sake of argument. False cause is the fallacy of claiming there is a casual connection between events without reasonable evidence to support the claim. Hasty generalization is the fallacy of basing a conclusion on insufficient evidence.

Fallacies: What's Faulty Argument? Chapter 10 Summary

Prejudicial language persuades through the use of loaded words that convey a bias while pretending to convey objective information. The straw man is an argument that misrepresents, oversimplifies, or caricatures an opponents positions. Appeal to bangwagon is another srgument by attacking opponent rather than addressing the argument itself. Appeals to fear and pity seek to persuade through affencing emotions. Misleading euphemisms are words that hide meaning by wrapping a less acceptable idea in positive or neutral connotations

Argument: What's a Good Argument? Chapter 9 Summary

The critical reading of arguments is an active endeavor that requires involvement, interaction with questions.
We have to know something about argument’s structure
Example; argument’s strenghts and weeknesses, the issue’s controversy, argument’s viewpoint
Reasons include data, evidence, and premises, while conclusions include those deductively drawn as well as hypotheses.
We have to determine argument’s special feature. But how can we do that?
We have to ask some questions. Are the reason adequate to support the conclusion? ,
Are they hidden assumptions? , are there fallacies of reasoning?
Reason support conclusions.Arguments state and defend a claim

Chapter 8 Viewpoints: What is the Filter?

Learning to understand viewpoints and catch main idea from viewpoints. U.S. politics can’t be explain left to right about viewpoints. When we understand and accept the ideas, they have respect to us and we respect to them. Unconcscious viewpoints include ego, ethnic, religio and anthropo.We can find kind of viewpoints easily also television is easy for catch opinion.

Evaluations. Chapter 7 Summary

Assessments make judgments about value on the basic of criterions that may be being awake or not. Assessments are not facts. Information which is based on facts keep seperated facts and assessments evident from each other. Evaluations are quick and careless evaluations which might include unconsidered and incorrect support. Senses and hopes affects our understandings and assessments.

Opinions: What's Believed? Chapter 6 Summary

Commonly, nobody don't understand a general idea. But we use word's varieties for understanding expressions.
Ideas should be understood clearly or not. If it could not be cought, it was emotions of people. people likes catching other's ideas.
Professional opinion is based on an understanding of affirmation and dangers in a situtation. Professional opinion is important and highly expense.
Opinious should not be fix with reals.
If you want to make arguments, you should clear your bias in your brain.

Assumptions: What's Taken For Granted? Chapter 5 Summary

Hypotheses are something which is believed, which we admit early as reality without working on it seriously and cautiously. Usually, we don't realize that it is an assumption until it brings difficulties for us.
Arguments are the way of thinking to support a opinion or to convince people to make them believe in the idea in which he/she supports. Good arguments do not rely on hypothesis which is not analyzed.
Someone who comes up with a new and different point of view to a problem that makes the others surprised is usually able to create a way to solve the problem, because he or she does not acknowledge the assumptions as facts which cause to think shallow like others do. As a conscious tool, we can refer to assumptions when experiencing a problem to solve.
Hypothesis can be rational or irrational, reasonable or unreasonable. Irrational or unreasonable hypotheses can cause incorrect thinkings and decisions, however rational and reasonable Hypotheses can be valuable tools to solve problems. What we need is to realize the difference between them.

Inferences: What's Follows? Chapter 4 Summary

If we want to perceive and think clearly, we interest our and other's personality.
Acceptable inference can be used anectodic writing to actuality together.
detectives and consultants need analyze the facts. And they should make the best result of them.
Facts and inferences can be made general. It basically means that we should know how to draw generalizations that can be supported.
the subject statement of a paragraph is a generalization that summariaes the basic idea to be determine.

Facts: What's Real? Chapter 3 Summary

By description, a fact is something which is known by exact knowledge, examination and calculation. A fact can be impartially reliable and confirmed. A fact is a thing which people acknowledge being in agreement to reality.
It's difficult for us to decide whether facts are in agreement to reality or not. This can only be decided extra period with repeated return to the input and examining.
The difference between facts and story is not important.
Senses are facts; they can destroy or increase our comprehensions, depending on how aware we are of their existence.

Word Precision: How do I describe it? Chapter 2 Summary

Correct using of the words gives some help to our thinking.
Writing is important to memorize words.
If we want to clear thinking, we should understand correctly words.
We should choose correct dictionary for taking mean of words.
If we use thesaurus dictionary, we can find synonyms. So we can learn more words. And we can explain ourselves by a few ways.
We should check our understanding of a word. In thıs way words give us their characteristic and main ideas.
Learning word's root can give us main idea. We can inference by roots.
Metaphorical meaning reminds us, which can be positive, negative, or neutral. If we catch the connotation of word, we can feel and image in our brains.

Observation Skills Chapter 1 Summary

We should find out our characteristic and personalityto make better aware way of thinking.

Instense observation makes us see the details and give us clues about solving problems.

Sensing, perceiving and thinking arre the ways of observation. Sensing gives us information, perceiving places data in our brains. And finally thinking shapes our discerment.

Careful observation needs to be focused on subject, to be patient our opinious to be eliminated.